Modern Multi-Paradigm Languages
Post-2010 languages that blend paradigms — static typing with inference, functional features in OOP contexts, and safety guarantees. Designed with hindsight from decades of language evolution.
Sub-topics
Created by Anders Hejlsberg at Microsoft in 2012. A typed superset of JavaScript that compiles to plain JS. Features structural typing, union types, generics, and type inference. Now the standard for large-scale web development.
Created by Lars Bak and Kasper Lund at Google in 2011. Originally designed to replace JavaScript in browsers, now primarily used via Flutter for cross-platform mobile/web/desktop apps. Influenced by Java, JavaScript, Smalltalk, and C#.
Created by Andreas Rumpf, made public in 2008. Compiles to C, C++, or JavaScript. Python-like syntax with Ada-style static typing and Lisp-like metaprogramming (macros). Combines expressiveness with systems-level performance.
A binary instruction format standardized by W3C in 2017. A compilation target for C, C++, Rust, Go, and others — runs near-native speed in browsers and increasingly server-side (WASI). Enables polyglot web applications.
Created by Alexander Medvednikov in 2019. A simple, fast compiled language inspired by Go, Rust, and Oberon. Emphasizes fast compilation, no undefined behavior, and minimalism. Still maturing but has an active community.